11) To be categorized as a customer, an individual must have a history of shopping at the establishment at least twice before the start of the study with expenditures of more than $10. This is an example of _____.
A. a hypothetical construct
B. a conceptual scheme
C. an operational definition
D. a dictionary definition
12) James is entering data on client gender. Because the values entered reflect male or female, this variable is _____.
A. discrete
B. dichotomous
C. continuous
D. ratio-scaled
13) Which variable in an experiment is the variable expected to be affected by the manipulation?
A. Dependent variable
B. Extraneous variable
C. Moderating variable
D. Independent variable
14) Qualitative research seeks to _____ theory while quantitative research _____ it.
A. examine; interprets
B. build; tests
C. test; understands
D. apply; builds
15) Which of the following is true of quantitative research?
A. It uses a nonprobability sampling method
B. Results are generalizable
C. Data analysis is ongoing during the project
D. Sample sizes are generally small
16) The use of a control group in experimentation _____.
A. provides for the manipulation of the independent variable
B. serves as a comparison to assess the manipulation
C. minimizes the cost of experimentation
D. allows for discovery of the average effect of the independent variable in different situations
17) What is the first step in conducting an experiment?
A. Specify the level(s) of the treatment
B. Choose the experimental design
C. Control the experimental environment
D. Select relevant variables
18) Data originating from studies that are conducted by others and created for a purpose different from the purpose of the study for which the data are being reviewed are called _____ data
A. primary
B. secondary
C. quantitative
D. statistical
19) The goal of a formal study is to _____.
A. discover future research tasks
B. expand understanding of a topic
C. test hypotheses
D. provide insight
20) A _____ scale is a scale that scores an object or property without making a direct comparison to another object or property.
A. ranking
B. rating
C. categorization
D. sorting
21) What type of data is produced by simple category scales?
A. Nominal
B. Ordinal
C. Interval
D. Ratio
22) _____ is the extent to which a measurement tool actually measures what we wish to measure.
A. Reliability
B. Validity
C. Practicality
D. Significance
23) The list of elements in a population from which the sample is drawn is known as the _____.
A. sampling frame
B. population extent
C. database
D. sampling base
24) The process of ensuring the accuracy of data and their conversion from raw form into classified forms appropriate for analysis is called _____.
A. coding
B. data entry
C. data preparation
D. data measurement
25) _____ involves assigning numbers or other symbols to answers so that the responses can be grouped into a limited number of categories
A. Editing
B. Data entry
C. Coding
D. Measurement
26) The standard error of the estimate is a type of measure of _____.
A. central tendency
B. accuracy
C. significance
D. standard deviation
27) _____ are summary descriptors of variables of interest in the population
A. Sample statistics
B. Population parameters
C. Systematic estimates
D. Standard errors
28) The measure of deviation from the mean such that cases stretch toward one tail or the other is called _____.
A. kurtosis
B. platykurtic
C. skewness
D. ku
29) Which of the research questions/hypotheses below is best answered using cross-tabulations?
A. What percentage of men and women prefer Brand A over Brand B?
B. What percentage of residents shop at the local grocery store?
C. Is brand loyalty related to brand image?
D. What happens to sales when prices drop?
30) If a difference is not caused only by random sampling fluctuations, it is said to have _____.
A. resistance
B. statistical significance
C. substantive significance
D. reasonable doubt
